Type 2 diabetes | Basics and Mechanism | Basic Science Series

Type 2 diabetes | Basics and Mechanism | Basic Science Series

Type 2 diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by elevated blood glucose levels. At its core, type 2 diabetes is influenced by a combination of genetic and lifestyle factors. Unlike type 1 diabetes, which is an autoimmune disease resulting from the destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas, type 2 diabetes primarily stems from insulin resistance. Insulin plays a crucial role in glucose metabolism. It is a hormone produced by the pancreas that enables cells to take up glucose from the bloodstream and utilize it for energy. In type 2 diabetes, however, the cells become less responsive to insulin, leading to reduced glucose uptake. This phenomenon is known as insulin resistance. One important factor is the role of adipose tissue, or fat tissue. Excessive adiposity, particularly in the abdominal region, leads to the release of pro-inflammatory molecules called adipokines. These adipokines promote insulin resistance in various tissues, impairing glucose uptake. Insulin resistance also affects the insulin signaling pathway, particularly the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway. Normally, insulin binding to its receptor triggers a cascade of events, ultimately leading to the activation of Akt, a key mediator of insulin's metabolic effects. In type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance disrupts this pathway, resulting in impaired glucose transporter function and decreased glucose uptake by cells. Beta cell dysfunction is another contributing factor. Beta cells in the pancreas are responsible for producing and secreting insulin. In type 2 diabetes, these cells gradually lose their ability to secrete sufficient insulin, further exacerbating the condition. Genetic predisposition also plays a role in type 2 diabetes. Certain gene variants can increase the risk of developing the condition. However, genetics alone do not determine the onset of type 2 diabetes; they interact with environmental factors, such as diet and physical activity. Prevention and management of type 2 diabetes often involve lifestyle modifications. Regular physical activity, a balanced diet, weight management, and avoiding sedentary behavior are crucial in reducing the risk of developing the condition and improving glucose control. Insulin resistance, adipose tissue inflammation, disrupted insulin signaling, beta cell dysfunction, and genetic predisposition collectively contribute to the development and progression of this condition. By understanding these molecular mechanisms and implementing appropriate lifestyle changes, we can better prevent, manage, and improve the lives of individuals with type 2 diabetes. Keywords: type 2 diabetes, chronic, metabolic disorder, elevated blood glucose levels, genetic factors, lifestyle factors, insulin resistance, insulin, pancreas, glucose metabolism, adipose tissue, adipokines, inflammation, insulin signaling pathway, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway, glucose transporter, beta cell dysfunction, genetic predisposition, environment, prevention, management, lifestyle modifications, physical activity, balanced diet

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