Role of MHC Class I Molecules in Immune System | Basic Science Series
Basic Science Series English
Role of MHC Class I Molecules in Immune System | Basic Science Series
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC), MHC class I molecules, Adaptive immune response, Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), Antigen presentation, Peptide loading complex, Endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Antigen processing, Immunoregulation, Natural killer (NK) cells, Missing self recognition, Immune surveillance, Viral evasion mechanisms, Antigen-binding specificity, Proteasomes, Calreticulin, Intracellular pathogens, Antigenic peptides, Immune defense mechanisms, Immunotherapy, Antiviral therapies, Immune system function, Cell surface molecules, Immunogenetics, Immunodiagnostics.
Role of MHC Class I Molecules in Immune System
- Key role in adaptive immune response.
- Crucial for presenting intracellular antigens to CTLs.
- Enables recognition and elimination of infected or abnormal cells.
Structure of MHC Class I Molecules
- Glycoproteins on nucleated cell surfaces.
- Consist of polymorphic heavy chain and non-polymorphic β2m chain.
- Heavy chain has α1, α2, and α3 domains.
- Peptide-binding groove formed by α1 and α2 domains.
Peptide Loading Process
- Occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
- Facilitated by a multi-subunit peptide-loading complex.
- Involves trimming and selection of suitable peptides.
- Tight-binding peptides retained, others released.
- Loaded complexes trafficked to cell surface for CTL inspection.
Factors Influencing Peptide Diversity
- MHC molecule's peptide-binding specificity.
- Abundance and turnover rate of intracellular proteins.
- Activity of proteasomes and proteolytic enzymes.
- Expression levels of accessory proteins like tapasin and chaperones.
Immunoregulatory Roles of MHC Class I Molecules
- Engage with inhibitory receptors on NK cells.
- Modulate NK cell activity, preventing killing of healthy cells.
- Ensure selective targeting of MHC class I-lacking cells by NK cells.
Role in Immune Surveillance Against Pathogens
- Target viruses and intracellular bacteria.
- Viruses evolve evasion mechanisms.
- Mechanisms include interference with antigen processing and downregulation of MHC class I expression.
These points outline the significance, structure, function, regulation, and immunoregulatory roles of MHC class I molecules in the immune system.
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