Naegleria fowleri | Morphological features | Parasitology | Basic Science Series

Naegleria fowleri | Morphological features | Parasitology | Basic Science Series Keywords: Naegleria fowleri, Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM), Brain-eating amoeba, Amoeba brain infection, Naegleria fowleri life cycle, Naegleria fowleri symptoms, Free-living amoeba, Warm freshwater amoeba, Amoebic encephalitis, Naegleria fowleri morphology, Trophozoite stage of Naegleria fowleri, Flagellate stage of Naegleria fowleri, Naegleria fowleri cyst stage, Brain inflammation Naegleria fowleri, Amoeba enters through the nose, Naegleria fowleri prevention, Amoeba brain infection treatment, Fatal brain infection amoeba, Naegleria fowleri infection, Naegleria fowleri detection, Naegleria fowleri habitat, Rapid progression Naegleria fowleri, Brain tissue destruction amoeba, Naegleria fowleri motility, Combating Naegleria fowleri.

Naegleria fowleri is a free-living amoeba that causes primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM), a rare and often fatal brain infection. Found in warm freshwater, it enters the body through the nose during activities like swimming. The amoeba travels to the brain, causing severe inflammation and tissue destruction, leading to symptoms such as headache, fever, seizures, and coma. Rapid progression typically results in death if untreated. Understanding its life cycle and morphology is key to identifying and combating this pathogen.

Morphological Features Naegleria fowleri exists in three morphological forms: Trophozoite (Feeding and Replicative Stage): Size: 10-35 µm in length. Shape: Amoeboid, irregular, and variable in shape with a single pseudopod (lobopodia) that allows for movement. Nucleus: Has a prominent central nucleolus (karyosome) surrounded by a clear halo. Cytoplasm: Contains food vacuoles, often with bacteria, and fine granules. Motility: Moves using lobate pseudopodia (lobopodia), exhibiting active movement towards chemical stimuli (chemotaxis). Function: The trophozoite is the active, feeding, and reproducing stage, primarily responsible for tissue invasion in humans. Flagellate (Temporary, Motile Stage): Size: Smaller than the trophozoite, around 7-15 µm in diameter. Shape: Pear-shaped, with two anterior flagella. Motility: Rapid, darting motion using the two flagella. Function: The flagellate stage is a temporary form that occurs when the trophozoite is exposed to a nutrient-deprived environment, such as water. This stage is non-replicative and serves mainly for survival and dispersal. Cyst (Dormant Stage): Size: 7-15 µm in diameter. Shape: Spherical with a smooth, thick double wall. Nucleus: Contains a single nucleus. Function: The cyst is the dormant and environmentally resistant stage, capable of surviving in harsh conditions such as cold temperatures, lack of food, or desiccation. It can revert to the trophozoite stage under favorable conditions.

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