Inflammation in injury | Basic Science Series

Inflammation in injury | Basic Science Series

inflammation, injury response, tissue damage, immune response, inflammation process, basic science series, wound healing, injury inflammation, cytokine response, immune cells, neutrophil activation, macrophage activation, inflammatory cytokines, inflammation stages, tissue repair, histamine release, mast cell degranulation, neutrophil function, pro-inflammatory cytokines, PAMPs, DAMPs, PRRs, inflammation regulation, injury recovery, immune activation

• Step 1: Injury and Tissue Damage o Physical barriers like skin are disrupted, allowing microbial entry. o Necrotic cells release danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), triggering immune responses. • Step 2: Microbial Entry and Recognition o Microbes are recognized by macrophages, dendritic cells, and mast cells via pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). o PRR activation leads to cytokine production (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6). • Step 3: Mast Cell Activation o Mast cells release histamine, causing vasodilation and increased blood flow. o Heparin and proteases promote tissue remodeling and immune cell recruitment. o Prostaglandins and leukotrienes enhance vascular permeability. • Step 4: Neutrophil Recruitment o Cytokines activate endothelial cells to express adhesion molecules. o Neutrophils roll, adhere, and transmigrate through blood vessel walls. o Chemokines like CXCL8 guide neutrophils to the injury site. • Step 5: Neutrophil Response o Neutrophils perform phagocytosis, engulfing microbes and degrading them in phagolysosomes. o Neutrophils generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) and release enzymes to destroy pathogens. • Step 6: Cytokine-Mediated Amplification o Key cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) increase fever, vascular permeability, and immune cell recruitment. o CXCL8 attracts neutrophils to the infection site. • Step 7: Resolution and Tissue Repair o Anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10, TGF-β) resolve inflammation and limit tissue damage. o Macrophages clear dead cells, promoting tissue repair and regeneration. • Conclusion o Inflammation is a regulated process involving immune cells and cytokines. o Neutrophils and cytokines clear pathogens, followed by anti-inflammatory signals for healing. Understanding these pathways helps in developing treatments for inflammatory diseases.

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