Cyanobacteria | Structure and Functions | Basic Science Series

Cyanobacteria | Structure and Functions | Basic Science Series

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1. Slime Coat The slime coat is a thick, gelatinous layer made of polysaccharides that surrounds the cell, giving cyanobacteria a slimy appearance.
2. Storage Polymer Granules These granules store reserve materials such as glycogen, polyphosphate, or polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), appearing as dense inclusions within the cytoplasm.
3. Carboxysomes Carboxysomes are polyhedral protein shells found in the cytoplasm, housing enzymes like RuBisCO and carbonic anhydrase. They enhance carbon fixation efficiency by concentrating CO₂, reducing oxygenation, and optimizing photosynthesis.
4. Chromosomal DNA The chromosomal DNA in cyanobacteria is a large, circular molecule located in the nucleoid region. Plasmids are small, circular DNA molecules that exist separately from the chromosomal DNA in the cytoplasm.
5. Ribosomes Ribosomes are small particles composed of rRNA and proteins, found freely within the cytoplasm or attached to membranes. They are the sites of protein synthesis, translating mRNA into functional proteins required for cellular activities.
6. Gas Vesicles Gas vesicles are cylindrical, protein-bound structures filled with gas, enabling cells to regulate their buoyancy.
7. Phycobilisomes Phycobilisomes are light-harvesting complexes attached to thylakoid membranes that contain pigments like phycocyanin and allophycocyanin.
8. Cytoplasm The cytoplasm is a semi-fluid matrix that houses all cellular components, providing a medium for metabolic processes.
9. Lumen The lumen is the internal space within the thylakoids, separated from the cytoplasm by the thylakoid membrane.
10. Thylakoids Thylakoids are membrane-bound compartments dispersed throughout the cytoplasm that contain chlorophyll and other photosynthetic components.
11. Cell Membrane The cell membrane is a phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins, surrounding the cytoplasm. The peptidoglycan layer is a rigid mesh-like structure found between the cell membrane and outer membrane, providing structural support.
12. Periplasmic Space The periplasmic space is a gel-like matrix located between the cell membrane and outer membrane in gram-negative bacteria.
13. Outer Membrane The outer membrane is a lipid bilayer external to the peptidoglycan layer, containing proteins and lipopolysaccharides.
14. Mucoid Sheath The mucoid sheath is a thick, mucus-like polysaccharide layer that surrounds the cell wall, common in many cyanobacteria. It protects against desiccation and toxins, while also aiding in surface attachment and colony formation.
15. Capsule The capsule is a dense, well-organized layer of polysaccharides or proteins found outside the cell wall. It provides protection against phagocytosis, enhances resistance to environmental stress, and facilitates attachment to host cells or surfaces.

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